Each one of these would have, for instance, a different combination of baryon number and lepton number. And they should have identical spins/angular momenta to one another, dependent only on their formation history.īut from a quantum viewpoint, they ought to be different. They have the same electric (and, for that matter, magnetic) charge: a net of zero.
They have the same mass as one another: one solar mass. These black holes should not be the same.įrom the viewpoint of General Relativity, they would be considered identical. or a solar mass’s worth of antineutrons,.a solar mass’s worth of positrons-and-antiprotons,.a solar mass’s worth of protons-and-electrons,.When they do merge with another (whether matter or antimatter) black hole, the same proportion of mass - about 10% of the lower-mass object in the merger - should get emitted in the form of gravitational radiation. and even the same spectrum and rates of Hawking radiationĪs a normal matter black hole is expected to have.the same emission of gravitational waves,.the same gravitational influence on the surrounding matter-and-antimatter,.Since antimatter and matter have equal amounts of mass, that means a black hole made out of antimatter, when paired with a black hole made out of matter, should orbit, emit gravitational waves, inspiral, and eventually merge in the same exact fashion that two black holes made of normal matter should. We fully expect that black holes, like anything with mass, will gravitate according to the laws and rules set forth by our theory of gravitation: General Relativity. ( Credit: Andrew Hamilton/JILA/University of Colorado) In terms of General Relativity, only mass, charge, and angular momentum are needed to describe its spacetime, fully. We know, from both a tremendous variety of particle physics experiments and also a variety of provable theorems - such as the CPT theorem - that every fundamental and composite particle that’s made out of matter has an antimatter counterpart: of equal mass, equal-and-opposite angular momentum, and equal-and-opposite electric charge.Įven for a complicated entity like a massive, rotating black hole (a Kerr black hole), once you cross the (outer) event horizon, regardless of what type of matter or radiation you’re composed of, you’ll fall toward the central singularity and add to the black hole’s mass. In other words, if you had a black hole that was made out of 100% neutrons versus an otherwise identical one that was made out of 100% anti-neutrons, those two black holes would each have the same mass, the same charge, and the same angular momentum as one another. Jarnstead/Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences annotations by E. Once a black hole forms, the particle contents that led to its formation become completely unimportant within General Relativity. One of the most important contributions of Roger Penrose to black hole physics is the demonstration of how a realistic object in our Universe, such as a star (or any collection of matter), can form an event horizon and how all the matter bound to it will inevitably encounter the central singularity. And for better or worse there’s a limit to how quickly anything can move within our Universe: the speed of light in a vacuum. Dial up the amount of mass, and it becomes harder and harder to escape you’ll have to move even faster in order to do so.
If you put a sufficient amount of mass together in a small enough volume of space, the gravitational pull within that region will prevent anything below a certain speed from escaping. ( Credit: NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center)Īccording to Einstein’s General Relativity, black holes don’t particularly care what they are made out of. The supermassive ones remain out of reach until a longer baseline gravitational wave detector is established, while pulsar timing arrays are capable of picking up even longer-wavelength and more exotic signals. Although we’ve detected many pairs of black holes through gravitational waves, they’re all restricted to black holes of ~200 solar masses or below, and to black holes that formed from matter. This simulation shows the radiation emitted from a binary black hole system.
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